Grizzly Bear
Author D.Selzer-McKenzie
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR5UzDKv-QQ
Die Filmbilder wurden in Alaska gedreht
Der Grizzlybär (Ursus arctos horribilis) ist eine in Nordamerika lebende Unterart des Braunbären. Ging man in früherer Zeit noch von zahlreichen verschiedenen Unterarten auf diesem Kontinent aus, so werden heute in der Regel alle dort lebenden Braunbären mit Ausnahme der Kodiakbären als Grizzlybär bezeichnet.
Die Fellfärbung und die Größe dieser Tiere variieren in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet. Der Begriff „grizzly“ (aus dem Englischen für „gräulich“) bezieht sich auf sein Oberfell, dessen Haare häufig an den Enden graue Spitzen aufweisen oder von hell zu dunkel changieren. Besonders Tiere in den Rocky Mountains weisen dieses Merkmal auf, das besonders stark an Rücken oder Schulterpartie ausgeprägt ist. Grizzlys können aber auch rotblond, gelbbraun, dunkelbraun oder fast schwarz gefärbt sein. Gelegentlich haben sie einen großen weißen Fleck auf der Brust, der sich kragenähnlich bis zu den Schultern hinziehen kann. [1] Die Farbe des Fells hängt vor allem vom Lebensraum, im Speziellen von der Nahrung und vom Klima, ab. Nach dem Abwurf des Winterfells ist das neue Deckhaar regelmäßig dunkler. Kurz vor dem Wechsel des Sommerpelzes in den Winterpelz hat das Fell eine hellere fast verblichen wirkende Tönung. Dies ist häufig bei Individuen der Fall, deren Grundfärbung braun oder blond ist.
Die Größe des Grizzlybärens nimmt generell von Norden nach Süden ab. Während die Tiere im Norden bis zu 680 Kilogramm wiegen können, sind sie im Süden mit 80 bis 200 Kilogramm bedeutend leichter. Überall sind die Männchen deutlich schwerer als die Weibchen, durchschnittlich um das 1,8-fache. Die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge der Grizzlybären beträgt 1,5 bis 2,5 Meter, sein Schwanz misst 10 bis 12 Zentimeter. Die Schulterhöhe liegt bei bis zu 1,5 Meter.
Der Körperbau entspricht dem der übrigen Bären, der Körper ist stämmig, die Gliedmaßen lang und kräftig. Die Füße tragen jeweils fünf nicht einziehbare Krallen. Wie alle Bären sind Grizzlys Sohlengänger. Der Schwanz ist ein kurzer Stummel, der Kopf ist massiv und rund. Wie alle Braunbären weist er einen Höcker am Nacken auf, der aus einer kräftigen Muskelmasse besteht. Diese braucht er, um seine Vorderpranken wirkungsvoll einzusetzen. Mit seinen Pranken jagt er, fängt Lachse, wendet Steine zur Nahrungssuche und gräbt Höhlen. Neben dem Buckel am Nacken ist die stärker vom Kopf abgesetzte Schnauze ein Kennzeichen, das ihn vom oft gleichgefärbten Amerikanischen Schwarzbär unterscheidbar macht. Bei Schwarzbären ist außerdem die hellere Tönung um die Nase bis zur Schnauze hin ausgeprägter als bei Grizzlybären.
In freier Wildbahn können Grizzlys ein Alter von bis zu 30 Jahren erreichen.
Ehemaliges (hell) und gegenwärtiges (dunkel) Verbreitungsgebiet des Grizzlybären
Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Grizzlybären umfasst weite Teile des westlichen und mittleren Nordamerika. Er stammt von einer eurasischen, über die zeitweise trockene Beringstraße eingewanderten Braunbärenpopulation ab. Er verbreitete sich in Wäldern und der Tundra des ganzen Kontinents bis nach Mexiko. Wie weit sein Verbreitungsgebiet nach Osten reichte, ist unbekannt, Knochenfunde von der Halbinsel Labrador, aus Kentucky und Ohio deuten an, dass es weiter reichte als ursprünglich angenommen.
Der Rückgang der Populationen begann möglicherweise bereits, als die Indianer dank der von den Spaniern eingeführten Pferde ihre Jagdtechniken verfeinerten. Mit der großflächigen Besiedlung des Landes durch die Europäer ging dann ein drastischer Rückgang der Bestandszahlen und des Verbreitungsgebietes einher. Als wichtiges Rückzugsgebiet erwies sich der 1872 gegründete Yellowstone-Nationalpark. Im Kerngebiet der Vereinigten Staaten (den 48 zusammenhängenden Staaten ohne Alaska und Hawaii) leben heute zwischen 1100 und 1200 Tiere in mehreren isolierten Populationen im nordwestlichen Landesteil. Im Größeren Yellowstone-Ökosystem um den Yellowstone-Nationalpark und den angrenzenden Grand-Teton-Nationalpark leben über 500 Tiere, im Glacier-Nationalpark und seinem Umfeld zwischen 400 und 500, im amerikanischen Teil des Selkirkgebirges etwa 40–50, im Cabinet-Yaak-Gebiet an der Grenze zwischen Idaho und Montana etwa 30–40 und im nördlichen Kaskadengebirge um den North-Cascades-Nationalpark etwa fünf Tiere.[2] In Kanada sind sie ebenfalls aus den mittleren Landesteilen verschwunden und kommen heute nur noch in British Columbia, dem westlichen Alberta und in den nördlichen Territorien vor. Im dünn besiedelten Alaska sind sie noch relativ häufig. Die heutige Gesamtpopulation wird auf rund 50.000 Tiere geschätzt.
Grizzly im Yellowstone-Nationalpark
Grizzlybären sind normalerweise Einzelgänger und sowohl tag- wie nachtaktiv.[3] In Regionen, in denen sie nur selten mit Menschen zusammentreffen, nutzen Grizzlys häufig subalpine, offene Almen während des Tages zur Futtersuche und entfernen sich dabei weit von dichtem Buschwerk und Bäumen, die ihnen Sichtschutz geben können. Die besonders heißen Tageszeiten verschlafen sie. Ihren Aktionshöhepunkt haben sie in der Regel während der kühleren Tageszeiten und in der Dämmerung. Ein besonders üppiges Nahrungsangebot, wie es in beerenreichen Regionen oder an Flüssen während der Laichzeit der Lachse besteht, führt manchmal zur Ansammlung vieler Bären.
Trotz seines massigen Körperbaus kann der Grizzlybär eine Geschwindigkeit von über 60 km/h erreichen. Außer bei der Jagd bewegt er sich allerdings meist in gemächlichem Tempo. Normalerweise geht er auf allen Vieren. Um einen besseren Überblick zu erlangen, kann er sich auf die Hinterbeine stellen und so auch einige Schritte gehen.
Grizzlys halten während der kalten Jahreszeit eine Winterruhe. Da die Körpertemperatur nur wenig zurückgeht und sie leicht aufzuwecken sind, spricht man nicht von einem echten Winterschlaf. Um sich darauf vorzubereiten, legen sie im Spätsommer und Herbst einen Fettvorrat an. In Zoo gehaltene Grizzlys sind häufig auch im Winter aktiv, wenn auch mit einer gewissen Lethargie. Die Winterruhe ist vor allem auf eine Reaktion auf ein vermindertes Nahrungsangebot und weniger auf die Kälte zurückzuführen.[4] Berghänge, an denen Grizzlys ihre Winterhöhlen haben, haben in der Regel eine Neigung von 25 bis 45 Grad. In seltenen Fällen sind sie noch steiler. Grizzlybären nutzen häufig Hügel, die besonders dicke Schneedecken aufweisen.[5]
Grizzlybären sind wie die meisten Bären Allesfresser. An pflanzlicher Nahrung stehen Gräser, Kräuter, Schösslinge, Blüten, Wurzeln, Knollen, Nüsse und Pilze auf ihrem Speiseplan; im Sommer und Herbst machen Beeren einen wichtigen Bestandteil ihrer Nahrung aus. Bären haben zwar im Vergleich zu anderen Carnivoren einen verlängerten Darm. Sie können aber im Vergleich zu Wiederkäuern an Nährstoffen arme Pflanzen nur schlecht voll verwerten. Sie bevorzugen daher Pflanzen, die vollreif und leicht verdaulich sind.[6] Im Frühjahr steht diese Nahrung noch nicht zur Verfügung. Grizzlybären fressen dann vor allem Pflanzenschößlinge und frische Triebe wie beispielsweise die der Prachthimbeere sowie Wurzeln. Eine große Rolle spielen zu dieser Zeit vor allem die Wurzeln verschiedener Süßkleearten. In vielen Teilen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes halten sich Grizzlys zu Beginn des Frühjahrs immer knapp unterhalb der Taulinie auf, um von diesem frischen Frühlingswuchs zu profitieren.[7] Die Fettdepots, die zur Überwinterung notwendig ist, legen Grizzlybären jedoch erst im Sommer und Herbst an, wenn Beeren und Früchte reifen. Kanadische Büffelbeeren spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in dieser Zeit. Anhand des Kots von Bären hat man geschätzt, dass Grizzlys täglich bis zu 200.000 dieser kleinen Beeren fressen. [8]
An fleischlicher Nahrung nehmen sie unter anderem Insekten und deren Larven zu sich, die trotz ihrer geringen Größe eine erhebliche Rolle als Fett- und Proteinquelle spielen. Insbesondere in schlechten Beerenjahren fressen Grizzlybären während des Sommers große Mengen an Grillen, Heuschrecken sowie Ameisen und deren Larven. Auch Eulenfalter können eine große Rolle in der Ernährung spielen. So wurde 1972 eine Bärin mit drei Jungen beobachtet, deren Hauptnahrungsquelle über einen Zeitraum von vier Wochen aus diesen Faltern bestand, die sie unter Steinen hervorklaubten.[9] Vögel und deren Eier sowie Nagetiere, beispielsweise Hörnchen, Lemminge, Taschenratten und Wühlmäuse spielen im Nahrungsspektrum des Grizzlybären eine größere Rolle als beim Amerikanischen Schwarzbären, da Grizzlys eher als diese diese Beute ausgraben können. In stärkerem Ausmaß als eurasische Braunbären jagen Grizzlys auch Großsäuger wie Elche, Rentiere, Wapitis, Bisons, Weißwedelhirsche und Gabelböcke. Wo verfügbar, reißen sie manchmal Weidetiere wie Schafe, Ziegen und Rinder. Bei der Nahrungssuche spielt ihr ausgeprägter Geruchssinn eine große Rolle. Sie sind deshalb beispielsweise in der Lage, frisch geborene Hirschkälber aufzuspüren, die noch relativ geruchsneutral sind. Sie verfügen außerdem über ein ausgezeichnetes Gehör und nehmen das Blöken eines Hirschkalbes noch über 500 Meter wahr. [10]
Bei Grizzlybären, die an den Pazifikküsten des Nordens leben, machen Lachse während ihrer Laichwanderungen flussaufwärts einen bedeutenden Teil der Ernährung aus. Diese proteinreiche Nahrung ist vermutlich dafür verantwortlich, dass die Tiere im Norden bedeutend größer werden als ihre im Binnenland lebenden Artgenossen.
Grizzlybärin mit Jungen
Die Weibchen bringen etwa jedes zweite Jahr zwischen einem und vier, meist aber zwei Junge zur Welt. Die Paarungszeit ist im Juni und Juli. Die Embryos beginnen sich aber erst mit der Winterruhe im November oder Dezember zu entwickeln. Die Jungen kommen nach einer zweimonatigen Entwicklungszeit im Januar oder Februar zur Welt. Sie sind mit etwa 30 cm Körperlänge und mit durchschnittlich 350 g sehr klein. Im ersten Monat nach ihrer Geburt sind die Babys blind und taub. Nach zwei bis drei Jahren verlassen sie ihre Mutter.
Grizzlybären sind eng mit den Eisbären verwandt und können mit diesen Nachkommen zeugen.[11]
Schon die Indianer jagten den Grizzly. Sein Fleisch wurde gegessen, sein Fell zu Kleidung und Decken verarbeitet und seine Krallen und Zähne als Ziergegenstände verwendet. Auch in der Mythologie und als Totemtier spielt der Bär bei manchen Stämmen eine wichtige Rolle.
Viele Menschen sahen den Grizzly als Nahrungskonkurrent und als potentielle Gefahr. Diese Sicht sorgte für den drastischen Rückgang der Population nach Ankunft der weißen Siedler. Heute sind die Grizzlys vielerorts geschützt und ihre Populationen stabil. Dank der Bestandszunahme auf etwa 500 Exemplare im Größeren Yellowstone-Ökosystem konnte die Art in diesem Verbreitungsgebiet Ende April 2007 aus der Liste der bedrohten Arten nach dem Endangered Species Act genommen werden.[2] Bereits 2009 wies ein Bezirksgericht in Montana die Behörde an, den Grizzly wieder auf die Liste zu setzen.[12] In vier weiteren Gebieten der Vereinigten Staaten bleibt die Population bedroht.
In den 1970er Jahren gewöhnten sich die Grizzlys – wie auch die Schwarzbären – im Yellowstone-Nationalpark an die Menschen und deren Nahrung. Sie aßen Süßwaren wie Biscuits und Eiscreme, aber auch Steak-Abfälle. Es kam vermehrt zu Unfällen zwischen Menschen und den Bären. Nachdem der National Park Service eine Reihe von Maßnahmen eingeleitet hatte – zum Beispiel führte er geschlossene Abfalleimer sowie ein Fütterungsverbot ein und siedelte Bären um – nahmen die Grizzlybären allmählich ihre urtümliche, wilde Lebensweise wieder an.
Grizzlybären
Aufgrund seiner großen Kraft kann ein einziger Biss oder Prankenhieb eines Bären beim Menschen schwere Verletzungen oder sogar den Tod verursachen. Für gewöhnlich greifen sie Menschen selten an, sondern fliehen, wenn sie Menschen nahen hören. Es gibt jedoch Situationen, in denen sie gefährlich werden können. Dazu zählen die Begegnung mit verletzten Tieren, mit Müttern, die Jungtiere bei sich haben, mit Tieren, die an Kadavern fressen, oder wenn der Mensch einen Hund bei sich hat.
Es gibt eine Reihe von Verhaltensregeln, die von den Nationalparkverwaltungen herausgegeben werden. Durch Lärm wie Sprechen, Singen oder ein Glöckchen am Fußgelenk soll verhindert werden, dass der Bär überrascht und erschreckt wird. Provokatives oder bedrohendes Verhalten sollte vermieden werden, dazu zählen auch Versuche, das Tier zu verscheuchen. Im Fall eines Angriffes sollte man sich im letzten Moment (um einen Scheinangriff auszuschließen) flach auf den Boden werfen und mit den Händen den Kopf- und Nackenbereich schützen. Die Embryonalhaltung ist weniger empfehlenswert, da dem Bären so eine günstigere seitliche Angriffsfläche zur Verfügung gestellt wird, um den Körper, bspw. durch Anstoßen, herum zu drehen und anschließend die Körperfront anzugreifen.
Es kommt nahezu jedes Jahr zu vereinzelten Todesfällen, die meist auf Provokationen der Tiere zurückzuführen sind.
Grizzly Bear Tiere Animals Natur SelMcKenzie Selzer-McKenzie
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Samstag, 24. April 2010
Montag, 18. Januar 2010
Grizzly Bear Tiere Animals Natur SelMcKenzie Selzer-McKenzie
Grizzly Bear
Author D.Selzer-McKenzie
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bImzpIu_W8
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the silvertip bear, is a subspecies of brown bear (Ursus arctos) that generally lives in the uplands of western North America. This subspecies is thought to descend from Ussuri Brown Bears which crossed to Alaska 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago.[1]
Grizzlies are normally solitary active animals, but in coastal areas the grizzly congregates alongside streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (commonly two) which are small and weigh only about 500 grams (one pound). A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened.
Grizzly bears are North America’s second largest land carnivore, after the polar bear.[2] Size and weight varies greatly according to geographic location. Inland bears, particularly those of the Yukon region, may weigh as little as 300 lbs (136 kg) for adult males. The largest populations are found in coastal areas where weights are typically 500-900 lbs (225–420 kg). Populations found in Katmai National Park and the Alaskan Peninsula may approach or just exceed 1000 lbs (450 kg). The females are on average 38% smaller,[3] at about 250–450 pounds (114–160 kg),[4] an example of sexual dimorphism. On average, grizzly bears stand about 1 meter (3.3 ft) at the shoulder when on all fours and 2 meters (6.6 ft) on their hind legs,[5] but males often stand 2.44 meters (8 ft) or more on their hind legs. On average, grizzly bears from the Yukon River area are about 20% smaller than typical grizzlies.[6] Formerly, taxonomists listed brown and grizzly bears as separate species. The Grizzly is classified as a Brown Bear subspecies, Ursus arctos horribilis. The term “brown bear” is commonly used to refer to the members of this subspecies found in coastal areas where salmon is the primary food source, but in fact, these are just coastal grizzlies in contemporary taxonomic classification. Inland bears and those found in northern habitats are more often called “grizzlies.” Brown bears on Kodiak Island (referred to as Kodiak Bears) are classified as a distinct subspecies from those on the mainland because they are genetically and physically isolated. The shape of their skulls also differs slightly.
A grizzly bear skull
The grizzly's coloring ranges widely depending on geographic areas, from white to almost black, and all shades in between.[7] The grizzly also has a large hump over the shoulders, which is a muscle mass used to power the forelimbs in digging. This muscle is commonly used to dig for their various vegetative food sources.[8] The hind legs are more powerful, however. The muscles in the lower legs provide enough strength for the bear to stand up and even walk short distances on its hind legs, giving it a better view of its surroundings. The head is large and round with a concave, disk-shaped, facial profile. In spite of their massive size, these bears can run at speeds of up to 56 kilometres per hour (35 miles per hour). However, they are slower running downhill rather than uphill because of the large hump of muscle over the shoulders. They have very thick fur to keep them warm in brutal, windy, and snowy winters.
Grizzlies can be distinguished from most other brown bear subspecies by their proportionately longer claws and cranial profile which resembles that of the polar bear.[9] Compared to other North American brown bear subspecies, a grizzly has a silver tipped pelt and is smaller in size. This size difference is due to the lesser availability of food in the grizzlies' landlocked habitats.[10] They are similar in size, color and behaviour to the Siberian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos collaris). Grizzly bears also characteristically have claws that are twice the length of their toes.[11][12]
[edit] Name
The word "grizzly" in its name refers to "grizzled" or grey hairs in its fur, but when naturalist George Ord formally named the bear in 1815 he misunderstood the word as "grisly", to produce its biological Latin specific or subspecific name "horribilis".[13]
[edit] Range
Grizzly bears are found in Asia, Europe and North America, giving them one of the widest ranges compared to other bear species. The grizzly bear originated in Eurasia and traveled to North America approximately 50, 000 years ago.[14] This is a very recent event in evolutionary time, causing the North American grizzly bear to be very similar to the brown bears inhabiting Europe and Asia. In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska to Mexico and as far east as the Hudson Bay area.[14] In the United States the species is now found only in Alaska, south through much of western Canada, and into portions of the northwestern United States including Idaho, Montana, Washington and Wyoming, extending as far south as Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, but is most commonly found in Canada. There may still be a small population in Colorado in the southern San Juan Mountains. In September 2007 a hunter produced evidence of grizzly bear rehabilitation in the Selway-Bitterroot ecosystem, in Idaho and western Montana, by killing a male grizzly bear.[15] Its original range also included much of the Great Plains and the southwestern states, but it has been extirpated in most of those areas. Excluding Alaska, the United States has less than 1000 grizzly bears.[14] In Canada there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying British Columbia, Alberta, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and the northern part of Manitoba.[14] Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.[14] In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived.[14] However, population size significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2008 it was estimated that there were 16,014 grizzly bears. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on Hair-Snagging, DNA-based inventories, Mark-Recapture and a refined Multiple Regression model.[16] Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of different methods for population estimates. Therefore it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America as they were likely developed from a variety of different studies. The grizzly bear currently has legal protection in Mexico, European countries, some areas of Canada and in the United States. However, it is expected that the re-population of its former range will be a slow process, due equally to the ramifications of reintroducing such a large animal to areas which are prized for agriculture and livestock and also to the bear's slow reproductive habits (bears invest a good deal of time in raising young). There are currently about 55,000 wild grizzly bears located throughout North America.[14]
Brown bears (of which the grizzly bear is a subspecies) can live up to thirty years in the wild, though twenty to twenty-five is normal.[17]
[edit] Reproduction
Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rate of all terrestrial mammals in North America.[18] This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old.[14][19] Once mated with a male in the Summer, the female delays embryo implantation until hibernation during which abortion can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and calorie count.[20] On average, females produce two cubs in a litter[19] and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.[14] Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years depending on environmental conditions.[21] Male grizzly bears have large territories, up to 4000 square kilometers,[18] making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities.
Grizzlies are subject to fragmentation, a form of population segregation.[22] Fragmentation causes inbreeding depression which leads to a decrease in genetic variability in the Grizzly Bear species.[23] This decreases the fitness of the population for several reasons. First, inbreeding forces competition with relatives which decreases the evolutionary fitness of the species.[23] Secondly, the decrease in genetic variability causes an increased possibility that a lethal homozygous recessive trait may become present, this decreases the average litter size reproduced, indirectly decreasing the population.[24]
[edit] Diet
A mother grizzly with a cub
Although grizzlies are of the order Carnivora and have the digestive system of a carnivore, they are actually omnivores since their diet consists of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as moose, deer, sheep, elk, bison, caribou and even black bears. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as salmon, trout, and bass, and those with access to a more protein-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than interior individuals. Grizzly bears also readily scavenge food, on carrion left behind by other animals.[25]
The grizzly bears that reside in the American Rocky Mountains are not as large as Canadian or Alaskan grizzlies. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diet which in Yellowstone consists mostly of whitebark pine pine nuts, as well as roots, tubers, grasses, various rodents, army cutworm moths and scavenged carcasses. None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia.
Plants make up approximately 80% - 90% of a grizzly bears’ diet. Various berries make up a large portion of this. These can include blueberries (Vaccinium cyanococcus), blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), salmon berries (Rubus spectabilis), cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccus) and huckleberries (Vaccinium parvifolium), depending on the environment. Insects such as ladybugs, ants and bees are also eaten, but only if they are available in large quantities. At low quantities, the energy gained is not worth the foraging energy output.[26] When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups, foraging together. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after there has been an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of legumes, such as Hedysarum, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts.[27] When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again.
In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 400 lbs, during a period of hyperphagia, before going into a state of false hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den, such behaviour lessening the chances that predators will be able to locate the den. The dens themselves are typically located at elevations above 6,000 feet on northern-facing slopes. There is some debate amongst professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate. Much of the debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears have the ability to "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. In some areas where food is plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.[citation needed]
[edit] Interspecific competition
Female grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Park, US
Most notable in Yellowstone have been the interactions between gray wolves and grizzly bears. Since the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the grey wolf. The interactions of U. arctos horribilis with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defense of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves.[28] The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. Then the wolves and grizzly will play a game of cat and mouse. One wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply isn't usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).
Black bears generally stay out of grizzly territory but grizzlies may occasionally enter their terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the difference in size, habitat, and diet of the bear species. When this happens it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself.
The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas grizzly bears out compete black bears for the same resources.[29] For example, many Pacific coastal islands off of British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly, but rarely both.[30] In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as age of forest, elevation and openness of land. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears.[29]
The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged by smaller animals.[31]
Polar bears do not often come in contact with grizzlies due to different habitats and diets. However when they do meet, the grizzly is the aggressor, often driving the polar bears off. This is partly due to the fact that grizzlies are territorial and Polar Bears are not.[citation needed] Cougars however, generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, the cougar will use its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up.
Coyotes, foxes, and wolverines are generally regarded as pests to the grizzlies rather than competition, though coyotes and wolverines may compete for smaller prey such as rabbits and deer. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear finishes to eat, leaving more than normal scraps for the smaller animal.[citation needed]
[edit] Ecological role
The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are dispersed and excerted in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown that germination success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces.[32] This makes the grizzly bear an important seed distributor in their habitat.[33]
While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but it also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems.[34] An area that contains both bears digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an area that contains just undisturbed land.[34] Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes nitrogen to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment.[35] An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.
Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests.[36] It has been found that spruce tree (Picea glauca) foliage within 500 m of the stream where the salmon have been obtained, contains nitrogen originating from salmon the bears have preyed on.[37] These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon.[38]
Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations, and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain.[39] An experiment in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA, showed that removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey increased.[40] This in turn changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds.[40] This provides evidence that grizzly bears represent a keystone predator, having a major influence on the entire ecosytem they inhabit.[39]
[edit] Human-Grizzly Bear conflicts
Grizzlies are considered by some experts to be the most aggressive bears[citation needed] even by the standards of brown bears.[41] Aggressive behavior in grizzly bears is favored by numerous selection variables. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies are too large to escape danger by climbing trees, so they respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Increased aggressiveness also assists female grizzlies in better ensuring the survival of their young to reproductive age.[42] Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, being responsible for 70% of fatal injuries to humans.[43] Historically, bears have competed with other large predators for food, which also favors increased aggression.
Campers are warned to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache.
Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantages and many opportunities, they almost never view humans as prey; bears rarely actively hunt humans.[44] Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting their offspring. In such situations, property may be damaged and the bear may physically harm the person.[45]
Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears.[45] An example of this temporal/spatial conflict occurs during the fall season: grizzly bears congregate near streams to feed on salmon when anglers are also intensively using the river. Some grizzly bears appear to have learned to home in on the sound of hunters' gunshots in late fall as a source of potential food, and inattentive hunters have been attacked by bears trying to appropriate their kills.[citation needed]
Increased human-bear interaction has created ‘problem bears’, which are bears that have become adapted to human activities or habitat.[46] Aversive conditioning, a method involving using deterrents such as rubber bullets, foul-tasting chemicals or acoustic devices to teach bears to associate humans with negative experiences, is ineffectual when bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food.[47] Such bears often have to be translocated or destroyed because they pose a threat to humans. The B.C. government destroys approximately 50 problem bears each year[47] and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears and destroy them.[47]
It is imperative for all campers in areas inhabited by grizzly to maintain a clean campsite. Even oil from food cooked outdoors can attract a bear.[46] Reports have indicated that something as innocuous as a tube of lip balm can entice a bear to come near a campsite in search of food. Any bear that is conditioned to finding food around campsites will almost always return and expect the same reward. The bear is then a threat to campers and itself, and park rangers may be forced to kill it. For back-country campers, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a bear canister.[48]
Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while hiking in bear country.[49] The Sierra Club wants the Forest Service to require everyone who enters a national forest in grizzly bear country to carry bear spray. Spokeswoman Heidi Godwin said in a news release: "The proper use of bear pepper spray will reduce human injuries caused by bears, reduce the number of grizzly bears killed in self defense, and help promote the recovery and survival of the grizzly bear."[50]
[edit] Legal status
The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as being wiped out in Canada.[51] In Alaska and parts of Canada however, the grizzly is still legally shot for sport by hunters. On January 9, 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the list of threatened and protected species. In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population, effectively removing Endangered Species Act protections for grizzlies in the Yellowstone National Park area. On September 22, 2009, a federal judge reinstated protection for the bears[52]
[edit] Protection
A grizzly in Denali National Park
Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho), Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 750 in the Northern Continental Divide, 550 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings[53] These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas, and it is therefore impossible to conduct a precise count. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims that the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed.[54]
All national parks, such as Banff National Park, Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and Theodore Roosevelt National Park have laws and regulations in place to protect the bears. Even so, grizzlies are not always safe in parks. In Glacier National Park in Montana and Banff National Park in Alberta, grizzlies are regularly killed by trains as the bears scavenge for grain that has leaked from poorly maintained grain cars. Road kills on park roads are another problem. The primary limiting factors for grizzly bears in Alberta and elsewhere are human-caused mortality, unmitigated road access, and habitat loss, alienation, and fragmentation. In the Central Rocky Mountains Ecosystem, most bears have died within a few hundred meters of roads and trails.[55]
On March 22, 2007, the U.S. government stated that grizzly bears in and around Yellowstone National Park (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem) no longer need Endangered Species Act protection. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, have since brought a lawsuit against the federal government to re-list the grizzly bear. On September 22, 2009, United States District Judge Donald W. Molloy reinstated the grizzlies' protected status due to the decline of whitebark pine tree, whose nuts are a main source of food for the bears.[52]
Farther north, in Alberta, Canada, intense DNA hair-snagging studies on 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears.[55] In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly bear population be designated as Threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated that the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the Provincial government in March 2008 indicates that the grizzly population is lower than previously believed.[56] The Provincial government has so far resisted efforts to designate its declining population of about 700 grizzlies (previously estimated at as high as 842) as endangered.[citation needed]
Environment Canada consider the Grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk.[57]
Recently the International Union for Conservation of Nature moved the Grizzly bear to "Lower Risk Least Concern" status on the IUCN Red List.[58]
The Mexican Grizzly Bear is extinct.[59]
[edit] Conservation efforts
In 2008 it was estimated that there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the BC population.[60] As of 2002 Grizzly Bears were listed as Special Concern under the COSEWIC registry[61] and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[62] Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades as population numbers have dramatic declined. Establishment of Parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in BC. One example of these efforts is The Khutzeymateen Grizzly Sanctuary located along the north coast of BC and 44,300 hectares in size, composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access as well as a strict no hunting policy have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local Grizzlies in the area.[63] When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches must be considered. To maximize protection for grizzly bears in protected areas, regulations should also be put in place once the park is created. These generally include a ban on hunting and limited human visitation and access.
The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on Grouse Mountain in Vancouver BC is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing Grizzly Bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned Grizzly Bears since 2001.[64] The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public surrounding Grizzly Bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.
Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (For example: in Banff National Park). This in turn is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered.[65] In light of these issues conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of “park forest” to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads.[66] Using GPS collar tracking scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem.[67] To date it has been found that most corridors are infrequently used and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift.[68] Current data suggests that female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.
] Hunting
Trophy hunting causes an imbalance between the male and female sexes.[39] Hunting of older males increases their mortality, since older males are primarily sought to be hunted, leading towards a sexual segregation within a population.[69] The killing of the male in a territory allows other males to immigrant in causing them to become potentially infanticidal males to resident females with cubs.[24] Generally, females try to avoid these immigrant males from other residents because of their low reproduction rate approximately reproducing three to four cubs per mating season.
Grizzly Bear Tiere Animals Natur SelMcKenzie Selzer-McKenzie
Author D.Selzer-McKenzie
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bImzpIu_W8
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the silvertip bear, is a subspecies of brown bear (Ursus arctos) that generally lives in the uplands of western North America. This subspecies is thought to descend from Ussuri Brown Bears which crossed to Alaska 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago.[1]
Grizzlies are normally solitary active animals, but in coastal areas the grizzly congregates alongside streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (commonly two) which are small and weigh only about 500 grams (one pound). A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened.
Grizzly bears are North America’s second largest land carnivore, after the polar bear.[2] Size and weight varies greatly according to geographic location. Inland bears, particularly those of the Yukon region, may weigh as little as 300 lbs (136 kg) for adult males. The largest populations are found in coastal areas where weights are typically 500-900 lbs (225–420 kg). Populations found in Katmai National Park and the Alaskan Peninsula may approach or just exceed 1000 lbs (450 kg). The females are on average 38% smaller,[3] at about 250–450 pounds (114–160 kg),[4] an example of sexual dimorphism. On average, grizzly bears stand about 1 meter (3.3 ft) at the shoulder when on all fours and 2 meters (6.6 ft) on their hind legs,[5] but males often stand 2.44 meters (8 ft) or more on their hind legs. On average, grizzly bears from the Yukon River area are about 20% smaller than typical grizzlies.[6] Formerly, taxonomists listed brown and grizzly bears as separate species. The Grizzly is classified as a Brown Bear subspecies, Ursus arctos horribilis. The term “brown bear” is commonly used to refer to the members of this subspecies found in coastal areas where salmon is the primary food source, but in fact, these are just coastal grizzlies in contemporary taxonomic classification. Inland bears and those found in northern habitats are more often called “grizzlies.” Brown bears on Kodiak Island (referred to as Kodiak Bears) are classified as a distinct subspecies from those on the mainland because they are genetically and physically isolated. The shape of their skulls also differs slightly.
A grizzly bear skull
The grizzly's coloring ranges widely depending on geographic areas, from white to almost black, and all shades in between.[7] The grizzly also has a large hump over the shoulders, which is a muscle mass used to power the forelimbs in digging. This muscle is commonly used to dig for their various vegetative food sources.[8] The hind legs are more powerful, however. The muscles in the lower legs provide enough strength for the bear to stand up and even walk short distances on its hind legs, giving it a better view of its surroundings. The head is large and round with a concave, disk-shaped, facial profile. In spite of their massive size, these bears can run at speeds of up to 56 kilometres per hour (35 miles per hour). However, they are slower running downhill rather than uphill because of the large hump of muscle over the shoulders. They have very thick fur to keep them warm in brutal, windy, and snowy winters.
Grizzlies can be distinguished from most other brown bear subspecies by their proportionately longer claws and cranial profile which resembles that of the polar bear.[9] Compared to other North American brown bear subspecies, a grizzly has a silver tipped pelt and is smaller in size. This size difference is due to the lesser availability of food in the grizzlies' landlocked habitats.[10] They are similar in size, color and behaviour to the Siberian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos collaris). Grizzly bears also characteristically have claws that are twice the length of their toes.[11][12]
[edit] Name
The word "grizzly" in its name refers to "grizzled" or grey hairs in its fur, but when naturalist George Ord formally named the bear in 1815 he misunderstood the word as "grisly", to produce its biological Latin specific or subspecific name "horribilis".[13]
[edit] Range
Grizzly bears are found in Asia, Europe and North America, giving them one of the widest ranges compared to other bear species. The grizzly bear originated in Eurasia and traveled to North America approximately 50, 000 years ago.[14] This is a very recent event in evolutionary time, causing the North American grizzly bear to be very similar to the brown bears inhabiting Europe and Asia. In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska to Mexico and as far east as the Hudson Bay area.[14] In the United States the species is now found only in Alaska, south through much of western Canada, and into portions of the northwestern United States including Idaho, Montana, Washington and Wyoming, extending as far south as Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, but is most commonly found in Canada. There may still be a small population in Colorado in the southern San Juan Mountains. In September 2007 a hunter produced evidence of grizzly bear rehabilitation in the Selway-Bitterroot ecosystem, in Idaho and western Montana, by killing a male grizzly bear.[15] Its original range also included much of the Great Plains and the southwestern states, but it has been extirpated in most of those areas. Excluding Alaska, the United States has less than 1000 grizzly bears.[14] In Canada there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying British Columbia, Alberta, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and the northern part of Manitoba.[14] Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.[14] In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived.[14] However, population size significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2008 it was estimated that there were 16,014 grizzly bears. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on Hair-Snagging, DNA-based inventories, Mark-Recapture and a refined Multiple Regression model.[16] Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of different methods for population estimates. Therefore it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America as they were likely developed from a variety of different studies. The grizzly bear currently has legal protection in Mexico, European countries, some areas of Canada and in the United States. However, it is expected that the re-population of its former range will be a slow process, due equally to the ramifications of reintroducing such a large animal to areas which are prized for agriculture and livestock and also to the bear's slow reproductive habits (bears invest a good deal of time in raising young). There are currently about 55,000 wild grizzly bears located throughout North America.[14]
Brown bears (of which the grizzly bear is a subspecies) can live up to thirty years in the wild, though twenty to twenty-five is normal.[17]
[edit] Reproduction
Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rate of all terrestrial mammals in North America.[18] This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old.[14][19] Once mated with a male in the Summer, the female delays embryo implantation until hibernation during which abortion can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and calorie count.[20] On average, females produce two cubs in a litter[19] and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.[14] Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years depending on environmental conditions.[21] Male grizzly bears have large territories, up to 4000 square kilometers,[18] making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities.
Grizzlies are subject to fragmentation, a form of population segregation.[22] Fragmentation causes inbreeding depression which leads to a decrease in genetic variability in the Grizzly Bear species.[23] This decreases the fitness of the population for several reasons. First, inbreeding forces competition with relatives which decreases the evolutionary fitness of the species.[23] Secondly, the decrease in genetic variability causes an increased possibility that a lethal homozygous recessive trait may become present, this decreases the average litter size reproduced, indirectly decreasing the population.[24]
[edit] Diet
A mother grizzly with a cub
Although grizzlies are of the order Carnivora and have the digestive system of a carnivore, they are actually omnivores since their diet consists of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as moose, deer, sheep, elk, bison, caribou and even black bears. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as salmon, trout, and bass, and those with access to a more protein-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than interior individuals. Grizzly bears also readily scavenge food, on carrion left behind by other animals.[25]
The grizzly bears that reside in the American Rocky Mountains are not as large as Canadian or Alaskan grizzlies. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diet which in Yellowstone consists mostly of whitebark pine pine nuts, as well as roots, tubers, grasses, various rodents, army cutworm moths and scavenged carcasses. None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia.
Plants make up approximately 80% - 90% of a grizzly bears’ diet. Various berries make up a large portion of this. These can include blueberries (Vaccinium cyanococcus), blackberries (Rubus fruticosus), salmon berries (Rubus spectabilis), cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccus) and huckleberries (Vaccinium parvifolium), depending on the environment. Insects such as ladybugs, ants and bees are also eaten, but only if they are available in large quantities. At low quantities, the energy gained is not worth the foraging energy output.[26] When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups, foraging together. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after there has been an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of legumes, such as Hedysarum, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts.[27] When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again.
In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 400 lbs, during a period of hyperphagia, before going into a state of false hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den, such behaviour lessening the chances that predators will be able to locate the den. The dens themselves are typically located at elevations above 6,000 feet on northern-facing slopes. There is some debate amongst professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate. Much of the debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears have the ability to "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. In some areas where food is plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.[citation needed]
[edit] Interspecific competition
Female grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Park, US
Most notable in Yellowstone have been the interactions between gray wolves and grizzly bears. Since the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the grey wolf. The interactions of U. arctos horribilis with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defense of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves.[28] The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. Then the wolves and grizzly will play a game of cat and mouse. One wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply isn't usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).
Black bears generally stay out of grizzly territory but grizzlies may occasionally enter their terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the difference in size, habitat, and diet of the bear species. When this happens it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself.
The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas grizzly bears out compete black bears for the same resources.[29] For example, many Pacific coastal islands off of British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly, but rarely both.[30] In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as age of forest, elevation and openness of land. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears.[29]
The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged by smaller animals.[31]
Polar bears do not often come in contact with grizzlies due to different habitats and diets. However when they do meet, the grizzly is the aggressor, often driving the polar bears off. This is partly due to the fact that grizzlies are territorial and Polar Bears are not.[citation needed] Cougars however, generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, the cougar will use its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up.
Coyotes, foxes, and wolverines are generally regarded as pests to the grizzlies rather than competition, though coyotes and wolverines may compete for smaller prey such as rabbits and deer. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear finishes to eat, leaving more than normal scraps for the smaller animal.[citation needed]
[edit] Ecological role
The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are dispersed and excerted in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown that germination success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces.[32] This makes the grizzly bear an important seed distributor in their habitat.[33]
While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but it also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems.[34] An area that contains both bears digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an area that contains just undisturbed land.[34] Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes nitrogen to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment.[35] An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.
Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests.[36] It has been found that spruce tree (Picea glauca) foliage within 500 m of the stream where the salmon have been obtained, contains nitrogen originating from salmon the bears have preyed on.[37] These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon.[38]
Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations, and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain.[39] An experiment in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA, showed that removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey increased.[40] This in turn changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds.[40] This provides evidence that grizzly bears represent a keystone predator, having a major influence on the entire ecosytem they inhabit.[39]
[edit] Human-Grizzly Bear conflicts
Grizzlies are considered by some experts to be the most aggressive bears[citation needed] even by the standards of brown bears.[41] Aggressive behavior in grizzly bears is favored by numerous selection variables. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies are too large to escape danger by climbing trees, so they respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Increased aggressiveness also assists female grizzlies in better ensuring the survival of their young to reproductive age.[42] Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, being responsible for 70% of fatal injuries to humans.[43] Historically, bears have competed with other large predators for food, which also favors increased aggression.
Campers are warned to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache.
Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantages and many opportunities, they almost never view humans as prey; bears rarely actively hunt humans.[44] Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting their offspring. In such situations, property may be damaged and the bear may physically harm the person.[45]
Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears.[45] An example of this temporal/spatial conflict occurs during the fall season: grizzly bears congregate near streams to feed on salmon when anglers are also intensively using the river. Some grizzly bears appear to have learned to home in on the sound of hunters' gunshots in late fall as a source of potential food, and inattentive hunters have been attacked by bears trying to appropriate their kills.[citation needed]
Increased human-bear interaction has created ‘problem bears’, which are bears that have become adapted to human activities or habitat.[46] Aversive conditioning, a method involving using deterrents such as rubber bullets, foul-tasting chemicals or acoustic devices to teach bears to associate humans with negative experiences, is ineffectual when bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food.[47] Such bears often have to be translocated or destroyed because they pose a threat to humans. The B.C. government destroys approximately 50 problem bears each year[47] and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears and destroy them.[47]
It is imperative for all campers in areas inhabited by grizzly to maintain a clean campsite. Even oil from food cooked outdoors can attract a bear.[46] Reports have indicated that something as innocuous as a tube of lip balm can entice a bear to come near a campsite in search of food. Any bear that is conditioned to finding food around campsites will almost always return and expect the same reward. The bear is then a threat to campers and itself, and park rangers may be forced to kill it. For back-country campers, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a bear canister.[48]
Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while hiking in bear country.[49] The Sierra Club wants the Forest Service to require everyone who enters a national forest in grizzly bear country to carry bear spray. Spokeswoman Heidi Godwin said in a news release: "The proper use of bear pepper spray will reduce human injuries caused by bears, reduce the number of grizzly bears killed in self defense, and help promote the recovery and survival of the grizzly bear."[50]
[edit] Legal status
The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as being wiped out in Canada.[51] In Alaska and parts of Canada however, the grizzly is still legally shot for sport by hunters. On January 9, 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the list of threatened and protected species. In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population, effectively removing Endangered Species Act protections for grizzlies in the Yellowstone National Park area. On September 22, 2009, a federal judge reinstated protection for the bears[52]
[edit] Protection
A grizzly in Denali National Park
Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho), Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 750 in the Northern Continental Divide, 550 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings[53] These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas, and it is therefore impossible to conduct a precise count. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims that the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed.[54]
All national parks, such as Banff National Park, Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and Theodore Roosevelt National Park have laws and regulations in place to protect the bears. Even so, grizzlies are not always safe in parks. In Glacier National Park in Montana and Banff National Park in Alberta, grizzlies are regularly killed by trains as the bears scavenge for grain that has leaked from poorly maintained grain cars. Road kills on park roads are another problem. The primary limiting factors for grizzly bears in Alberta and elsewhere are human-caused mortality, unmitigated road access, and habitat loss, alienation, and fragmentation. In the Central Rocky Mountains Ecosystem, most bears have died within a few hundred meters of roads and trails.[55]
On March 22, 2007, the U.S. government stated that grizzly bears in and around Yellowstone National Park (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem) no longer need Endangered Species Act protection. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, have since brought a lawsuit against the federal government to re-list the grizzly bear. On September 22, 2009, United States District Judge Donald W. Molloy reinstated the grizzlies' protected status due to the decline of whitebark pine tree, whose nuts are a main source of food for the bears.[52]
Farther north, in Alberta, Canada, intense DNA hair-snagging studies on 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears.[55] In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly bear population be designated as Threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated that the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the Provincial government in March 2008 indicates that the grizzly population is lower than previously believed.[56] The Provincial government has so far resisted efforts to designate its declining population of about 700 grizzlies (previously estimated at as high as 842) as endangered.[citation needed]
Environment Canada consider the Grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk.[57]
Recently the International Union for Conservation of Nature moved the Grizzly bear to "Lower Risk Least Concern" status on the IUCN Red List.[58]
The Mexican Grizzly Bear is extinct.[59]
[edit] Conservation efforts
In 2008 it was estimated that there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the BC population.[60] As of 2002 Grizzly Bears were listed as Special Concern under the COSEWIC registry[61] and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[62] Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades as population numbers have dramatic declined. Establishment of Parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in BC. One example of these efforts is The Khutzeymateen Grizzly Sanctuary located along the north coast of BC and 44,300 hectares in size, composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access as well as a strict no hunting policy have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local Grizzlies in the area.[63] When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches must be considered. To maximize protection for grizzly bears in protected areas, regulations should also be put in place once the park is created. These generally include a ban on hunting and limited human visitation and access.
The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on Grouse Mountain in Vancouver BC is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing Grizzly Bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned Grizzly Bears since 2001.[64] The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public surrounding Grizzly Bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.
Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (For example: in Banff National Park). This in turn is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered.[65] In light of these issues conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of “park forest” to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads.[66] Using GPS collar tracking scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem.[67] To date it has been found that most corridors are infrequently used and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift.[68] Current data suggests that female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.
] Hunting
Trophy hunting causes an imbalance between the male and female sexes.[39] Hunting of older males increases their mortality, since older males are primarily sought to be hunted, leading towards a sexual segregation within a population.[69] The killing of the male in a territory allows other males to immigrant in causing them to become potentially infanticidal males to resident females with cubs.[24] Generally, females try to avoid these immigrant males from other residents because of their low reproduction rate approximately reproducing three to four cubs per mating season.
Grizzly Bear Tiere Animals Natur SelMcKenzie Selzer-McKenzie
Dienstag, 12. Mai 2009
Grizzly Bear Tiere Animals Natur SelMcKenzie Selzer-McKenzie
Author D.Selzer-McKenzie
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the silvertip bear, is a subspecies of brown bear (Ursus arctos) that lives in the uplands of western North America.
Grizzlies are normally solitary active animals, but in coastal areas the grizzly congregates alongside streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (commonly two) which are small and weigh only about 500 grams (one pound). A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened. Grizzly Bears are very aggressive animals that will take anything as a threat.
Male grizzly bears can reach weights of more than 1,000 pounds (450 kg), but more typically weigh 400 pounds (180 kg) to 770 pounds (350 kg).[1] The females are on average 38% smaller,[2] at about 250-350 pounds (114-160 kilograms),[3] an example of sexual dimorphism. On average, grizzly bears stand about 1 meter (3.3 ft) at the shoulder when on all fours and 2 meters (6.6 ft) on their hind legs[4], but males often stand 2.44 meters (8 ft) or more on their hind legs. On average, grizzly bears from the Yukon River area are about 20% smaller than typical grizzlies.[5]
Their coloring ranges widely depending on geographic areas, from blond to deep brown red or even grey. The grizzly has a large hump over the shoulders, which is a muscle mass used to power the forelimbs in digging. The hind legs are more powerful, however. The muscles in the lower legs provide enough strength for the bear to stand up and even walk short distances on its hind legs, giving it a better view of its surroundings. The head is large and round with a concave facial profile. In spite of their massive size, these bears can run at speeds of up to 56 kilometres per hour (35 miles per hour). However, they are slower running downhill rather than uphill because of the large hump of muscle over the shoulders. They have very thick fur to keep them warm in brutal, windy, and snowy winters.
Grizzlies can be distinguished from most other brown bear subspecies by their proportionately longer claws and cranial profile which resembles that of the polar bear.[6] Compared to other North American brown bear subspecies, a grizzly has a silver tipped pelt and is smaller in size. This size difference is due to the lesser availability of food in the grizzlies' landlocked habitats.[7] They are similar in size, colour and behaviour to the Siberian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos collaris)
The word "grizzly" in its name refers to "grizzled" or grey hairs in its fur, but when naturalist George Ord formally named the bear in 1815 he misunderstood the word as "grisly", to produce its biological Latin specific or subspecific name "horribilis".
The current range of the grizzly bear extends from Alaska, south through much of western Canada, and into portions of the northwestern United States including Idaho, Montana, Washington and Wyoming, extending as far south as Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, but is most commonly found in Canada. There may still be a small population in Colorado in the southern San Juan Mountains. In September 2007 a hunter produced evidence of grizzly rehabilitation in the Selway-Bitterroot ecosystem by killing a male grizzly.[10] Its original range also included much of the Great Plains and the southwestern states, but it has been extirpated in most of those areas. The grizzly currently enjoys legal protection in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and European countries. However, it is expected that its re-population of its former range will be a slow process, due equally to the ramifications of reintroducing such a large animal to areas which are prized for agriculture and livestock and also to the bear's slow reproductive habits (bears invest a good deal of time in raising young). There are currently about 60,000 wild grizzly bears located throughout North America.[citation needed] These bears weigh from 100 to 1200 pounds.
Brown bears (of which the grizzly bear is a subspecies) can live up to thirty years in the wild, though twenty to twenty-five is normal.[1
Although grizzlies are of the order Carnivora and have the digestive system of a carnivore, they are actually omnivores since their diet consists of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals such as moose, deer, sheep, elk, bison, caribou and even black bears. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as salmon, trout, and bass, and those with access to a more protein-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than interior individuals. Grizzly bears readily scavenge food, behaviour that can lead them into conflict with other species, such as wolves and humans. A few have been known to eat humans.[12]
The grizzly bears that reside in the American Rocky Mountains are not as large as Canadian or Alaskan sub-species. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diet which in Yellowstone consists of whitebark pine pine nuts, roots, tubers, grasses, various rodents, army cutworm moths and scavenged carcasses, none of which match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia. During early spring, as the bears emerge from their dens, elk and bison calves are actively sought. The bear moves in a zig-zag pattern, nose to the ground, hoping to find unsuspecting animals to feed on.
In preparation for winter, bears gain hundreds of kilograms of fat, during a period of hyperphagia, before going into a state of false hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den, such behaviour lessening the chances that predators will be able to locate the den. The dens themselves are typically located at elevations above 6,000 feet on northern-facing slopes. There is some debate amongst professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate. Much of the debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears have the ability to "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. In some areas where food is plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.
Most notable in Yellowstone have been the interactions between grey wolves and grizzly bears. Since the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the grey wolf. The interactions of U. arctos horribilis with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves. The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. Then the wolves and grizzly will play a game of cat and mouse. One wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and ease its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply isn't usually worth the risk to the wolves if the bear has the upper hand (due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent). Over time, it seems the grizzly bears have benefited from the presence of the grey wolf because of increased food availability.
Black bears generally stay out of grizzly territory but the grizzly may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the difference in size, habitat, and diet of the bear species. When this happens it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself. This usually results in the black bear's death.
Cougars however, generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, the cougar will use its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up, usually the cat.
Coyotes, foxes, and wolverines are generally regarded as pests to the grizzlies rather than competition, though coyotes and wolverines may compete for smaller prey such as rabbits and deer. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear ambles on, leaving more than normal scraps for the smaller animal.
Grizzlies are considered by some experts to be the most aggressive bears, even by the standards of brown bears.[13] Aggressive behaviour in grizzly bears is favored by numerous selection variables. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies are too large to escape danger by climbing trees, so they respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Increased aggressiveness also assists female grizzlies in better ensuring the survival of their young to reproductive age.[14] Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, being responsible for 70% of grizzly-caused human fatalities.[15] Historically, bears have competed with other large predators for food, which also favors increased aggression.
Campers are warned to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache
Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantages and many opportunities, they almost never view humans as prey. Even so, they can be extremely dangerous animals. Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting their offspring. In recent years, some grizzly bears appear to have learned to home in on the sound of hunters' gunshots in late fall as a source of potential food, and inattentive hunters have been attacked by bears trying to appropriate their kills.[citation needed]
It is imperative for all campers in areas inhabited by grizzly to maintain a clean campsite. Reports have indicated that something as innocuous as a tube of lip balm can entice a bear to come near a campsite in search of food. Any bear that is conditioned to finding food around campsites will almost always return and expect the same reward. The bear is then a threat to campers and itself, and park rangers may be forced to kill it. For back-country campers, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a bear canister. [16]
The Sierra Club wants the Forest Service to require everyone who enters a national forest in grizzly bear country to carry bear spray. Spokeswoman Heidi Godwin said in a news release: "The proper use of bear pepper spray will reduce human injuries caused by bears, reduce the number of grizzly bears killed in self defence, and help promote the recovery and survival of the grizzly bear.
The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States, and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as being extirpated in Canada[18]. In Alaska and parts of Canada however, the grizzly is still legally shot for sport by hunters. On January 9, 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the list of threatened and protected species. In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed"the population, effectively removing Endangered Species Act protections for grizzlies in the Yellowstone National Park area.
Within the United States, the US Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho); Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho), Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in each of these areas is estimated at approximately 750 in the Northern Continental Divide, 550 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak and 15 in the Cabinet portion, 105 in the Selkirks, 10-20 in the North Cascades, and 0 in the Bitterroots.[19] These are only estimates because it is impossible to conduct a precise census and bears move in and out of these areas. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.
As mentioned below, the Fish and Wildlife Service has de-listed grizzlies in Yellowstone. It also claims that the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia. This claim is disputed.[20]
All national parks, such as Banff National Park, Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and Theodore Roosevelt National Park have laws and regulations in place to protect the bears. Even so, grizzlies are not always safe in parks. In Glacier National Park in Montana and Banff National Park in Alberta, grizzlies are regularly killed by trains as they scavenge for grain that has leaked from poorly maintained grain cars. Roadkills on park roads are another problem. The primary limiting factors for grizzly bears in Alberta and elsewhere are human-caused mortality, unmitigated road access, and habitat loss, alienation and fragmentation. In the Central Rocky Mountains Ecosystem most bears died within a few hundred metres of roads and trails.[21]
On March 22, 2007, The U.S. Federal Government stated that Grizzly bears in and around Yellowstone National Park (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem) no longer need Endangered Species Act protection. Several environmental organizations including the NRDC have since brought legal suit against the federal government to re-list the grizzly bear.
Farther north, in Alberta, Canada, intense DNA hair-snagging studies on 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears.[21] In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly bear population be designated as Threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated that the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the Provincial government in March 2008 indicates that the grizzly population is lower than previously believed.[22] The Provincial government has so far resisted efforts to designate its declining population of about 700 grizzlies (previously estimated at as high as 842) as endangered.[citation needed]
Environment Canada consider the Grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk.[23]
Recently the International Union for Conservation of Nature moved the Grizzly bear to "Lower Risk Least Concern" status on the IUCN Red List.[24]
The Mexican Grizzly Bear is extinct.
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